2014—2017年解放军总医院海南分院真菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解2014—2017年解放军总医院海南分院真菌的分布和耐药特点,为促进抗真菌药的合理应用、有效减缓真菌耐药提供参考。方法 提取解放军总医院海南分院2014年1月—2017年12月临床真菌分离和药敏相关数据,分析真菌的分布特征及其对常用抗真菌药的耐药率和变化趋势。结果 共纳入1 048份阳性真菌样本,呼吸道标本占41.89%,60岁以上患者（61.45%）和重症医学科（25.48%）分布比例最高;共分离出1 329株真菌,白色念珠菌、念珠菌属、热带念珠菌分别占24.53%、15.80%、13.69%。各种念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感率基本保持在90%以上;热带念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药率最高,达10%～20%,对氟康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率亦高于两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶;白色念珠菌对伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率呈逐年快速上升趋势。结论 白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌感染应慎用唑类抗真菌药;两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶是念珠菌感染的有效选择。     

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis due to gain‐of‐function mutation in STAT1

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a heterogenous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases characterised by susceptibility to chronic or recurrent superficial Candida infection of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Gain‐of‐function mutations in the STAT1 gene (STAT1‐GOF) are the most common genetic aetiology for CMC, and mutation analysis should be considered. These mutations lead to defective responses in Type 1 and Type 17 helper T cells (Th1 and Th17), which, depending on the mutation, also predispose to infection with Staphylococci, Mycobacteria and Herpesviridae. We describe the clinical and genetic findings for three patients with CMC due to gain‐of‐function mutations in the STAT1 gene.     

胶体金免疫层析法检测念珠菌抗原对侵袭性念珠菌肺炎的诊断价值

目的研究胶体金免疫层析法检测念珠菌抗原对侵袭性念珠菌肺炎的诊断价值。方法纳入2015年4月至2019年9月本院诊治的怀疑为侵袭性念珠菌肺炎、侵袭性曲霉菌肺炎、非真菌感染病例253例,使用我们与军事医学研究院共同研发的胶体金免疫层析试剂检测血液中念珠菌抗原。结果本研究共测定临床血液标本253例,其中诊断为侵袭性肺念珠菌感染的有30例,非真菌感染患者213例,侵袭性肺曲霉菌感染10例。胶体金法检测念珠菌的灵敏度为87%,特异性为93%,阳性预测值为63%,阴性预测值为98%。结论胶体金免疫层析法对于侵袭性肺念珠菌肺炎具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,且具有快速、方便等特点,能够用于临床念珠菌肺炎的检测。     

Mortality and risk factor analysis for Candida blood stream infection: A three-year retrospective study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the possible risk factors for mortality in adult patients with candidemia by investigating the causative agents, underlying conditions and predisposing factors.Material and methodsThe data including causative Candida species, predisposing factors, and underlying conditions of candidemia patients between the years 2015–2017 were collected and the impact of these factors on mortality was evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups as died (died patients within 30 days of the onset of candidemia) and survived and risk factors were evaluated for each group.ResultsWe found 163 adult candidemia cases during the study period. Overall 30-day mortality was 40.5%. Candida parapsilosis was the most frequent causative agent (49.1%). C. parapsilosis candidemia was more common in the survived group compared with the died group (n: 49 (61.3%) vs. n: 31 (38.8%), P = 0.888). Mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with dialysis (n: 27 (69.2%) vs. n: 12 (30.8%), P < 0.00) and concurrent bacteremia (n: 20 (57.1%) vs. n: 15 (42.9%), P = 0.024). Survival rates were significantly higher in patients with follow-up blood cultures (n: 75 (65.8%) vs. n: 39 (34.2%), P = 0.013). The most important source of candidemia was catheter (49.7%), and C. parapsilosis was the most common causative agent (58%). The catheter was removed in 96.3% of these patients and the mortality rate was 38.5%. All of the patients received antifungal therapy and there was no significant difference between the effects of antifungals on mortality (n: 65 (39.9%) vs. 98 (60.1%), P = 0.607).ConclusionsDialysis and concurrent bacteremia are strong predictors of mortality in 30 days within patients with candidemia, whereas follow-up blood cultures have a protective role with lower mortality rates. In our study, the most important source of candidemia was catheter, and C. parapsilosis was the most common causative agent. The catheter was removed in almost all patients and the mortality rate was almost one third among these patients.     

In vitro effects of ethanol on the phagocytic and microbial killing activities of normal human blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages

Summary Human blood monocytes were cultured within the wells of chamber slides in growth medium to which 0, 1, 2 or 3 mg ethanol per ml was added at the start of the culture. After incubation for 1 h, 1 day and 7 days, their ability to phagocytoze IgG-sensitized red cells and to phagocytoze and kill non-opsonized Candida albicans was assessed. In all alcohol-containing wells, the concentration of alcohol in the growth medium fell progressively, reaching negligible values after 3 days. When compared with control cells, monocytes incubated with 1, 2 or 3 mg ethanol/ml for 1 h showed impaired phagocytosis of IgG-sensitized RBC and non-opsonized C. albicans and those incubated with 1 or 2 mg ethanol/ml for 1 h showed impaired killing of Candida. After incubation for 7 days, the monocyte-derived macrophages in wells initially containing 1, 2 or 3 mg ethanol/ml showed increased phagocytic activity towards C. albicans but not towards sensitized RBC. In addition, in 4 of 5 experiments, the percentage of phagocytozed organisms killed was increased in wells initially containing 1 mg ethanol/ml. The results support the view that the susceptibility of chronic alcoholics to certain infections may be partly dependent on an ethanol-induced depression of the phagocytic and killing functions of macrophages. They also suggest that a few days after a brief period of exposure to ethanol there may be stimulation of certain but not all effector functions of macrophages.     

A low prevalence of H pylori and endoscopic findings in HTV-positive Chinese patients with gastrointestinal symptoms

AIM: To compare the prevalence of H pylori infection,peptic ulcer, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and Candida esophagitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients, and evaluate the impact of CD4 lymphocyte on H pylori and opportunistic infections.METHODS: A total of 151 patients (122 HIV-positive and 29 HIV-negative) with gastrointestinal symptoms were examined by upper endoscopy and biopsy. Samples were assessed to determine the prevalence of H pylori infection,CMV, candida esophagitis and histologic chronic gastritis.RESULTS: The prevalence of H pylori was less common in HIV-positive patients (22.1%) than in HIV-negative controls (44.8%; P ＜ 0.05), and the prevalence of H pylori displayed a direct correlation with CD4 count stratification in HIV-positive patients. In comparison with HIV-negative group, HIV-positive patients had a lower incidence of peptic ulcer (20.7% vs 4.1%; P ＜ 0.01), but a higher prevalence of chronic atrophy gastritis (6.9% vs 24.6%; P ＜ 0.05), Candida esophagitis and CMV infection. Unlike HIV-negative group, H pylori infection had a close relationship to chronic active gastritis (P＜0.05). In HIV-positive patients, chronic active gastritis was not significantly different between those with H pylori infection and those without.CONCLUSION: The lower prevalence of H pylori infection and peptic ulcer in HTV-positive patients with gastrointestinal symptoms suggests a different mechanism of peptic ulcerogenesis and a different role of H pylori infection in chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer.The pathogen of chronic active gastritis in HIV-positive patients may be different from the general population that is closely related to H pylori infection.     

侵袭性白念珠菌感染的危险因素及耐药性变迁

目的 分析四川大学华西医院住院患者侵袭性白念珠菌感染的分布情况、可能的危险因素以及真菌耐药性变化,为临床预防和合理用药提供依据.方法 对四川大学华西医院2010年1月到2012年12月100例侵袭性白念珠菌感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析并总结其标本来源、科室分布、年龄分布、感染的危险因素、抗菌药物使用情况以及真菌耐药率的变迁.结果 在侵袭性白念珠菌感染中,血流感染最为多见,占55％,感染患者多为ICU重症患者,占35％.年龄分布中位数为53.5岁.可能相关危险因素中外科手术和气管插管/切开、机械通气分别占74.6％和46.5％,有94例(82.5％)使用过抗菌药物.3年来我院白念珠菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B耐药率为0％,对5-氟胞嘧啶和伊曲康唑的耐药率分别保持在4.1％和27.7％以下.结论 白念珠菌是ICU重症患者的血流侵袭性真菌感染中重要的病原菌,外科手术和气管插管/切开及呼吸机的使用是最显著侵袭性白念感染的两大危险因素.虽然目前临床常用抗真菌药物能覆盖侵袭性白念珠菌的治疗,但仍应加强对重点科室以及有相关危险因素患者的监测,重视培养鉴定与药敏结果对临床用药的指导,以减少耐药菌的出现与流行.